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主谓一致
语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。例如:
Jane and Mary look healthy and strong.
The number of mistakes was surprising.
解释:主语是 the number,谓语是 was对于数字而言,它是单数,所以用了was;
反思:the number of通常跟 a number of 来对比,a number of 是大量的的意思;后面通常是可数名词的复数,所以谓语也跟着用复数形式,比如 a number of people are rushing to the toilet.
意义上一致
1.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。例如:
The crowd were running for their lives.
单数形式表示复数意义的词有people,police,cattle,militia等。
2.主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。 例如:
The news was very exciting.
形复意单的单词有news,works(工厂)和一些以ics结尾的学科名称,如physics,politics,mathematics等。
就近原则
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,either…or,neither...nor,not only…but also等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。例如:
Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.
应注意的几个问题
1.名词作主语
1)某些集体名词(如family,team等)作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
The whole family are watching TV.
His family is going to have a long journey.
这类名词有:audience,class,club,committee,company, crew,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,public,team,etc.
名词population一词的使用情况跟上述类似。例如::
The population in China is very large,and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.
“a group(crowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。
2)某些集体名词(如people,police,cattle,militia等)只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。例如:
The police are searching for him.
3)单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。例如:
A sheep is over there.
Some sheep are over there.
4)名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。例如:
My Uncle's is not far from here.
The doctor's is on the side of the street.
常见的省略名词有:the baker\'s,the barber\'s,the carpenter\'s,the Zhang\'s,etc,
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。例如:
Richardson\'s have a lot of leather goods to sell.
5)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。例如:
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago.
Three years has passed.
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